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| 1957 |
| | | Fred Hoyle, William Fowler, and Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge explain stellar nucleosynthesis | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The USSR launches Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The success of the USSR in launching Sputnik prompts the establishment of NASA in the USA | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The Russian spacecraft Sputnik II puts into space a living creature, the dog Laika | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Soviet spacecraft Luna 1 goes into orbit round the sun, between the orbits of Earth and Mars | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 successfully strikes the moon, in the Palus Putredinus region | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Soviet spacecraft Luna 3, passing by the moon at a distance of some 40,000 miles, is able to photograph the far side | |
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| 1961 |
| | | Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to travel in space, orbiting the earth once in Vostok 1 | |
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| 1961 |
| | | US astronaut Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space, with a suborbital flight in Freedom 7 | |
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| 1961 |
| | | President Kennedy commits the US to placing a man on the moon and bringing him back safely by 1970 | |
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